Home / Research

Research & Initiatives

Unlike programs focused on illness, Metanoia explores natural psychedelics for personal growth in healthy adults: integrating six disciplines for a 360° understanding of whether and how they affect creativity, cognition, and emotional resilience.

Multidisciplinary Research

Six integrated disciplines driving a 360° understanding

One question runs through all of them: how do we thrive?

Neuroscience

How psychedelics change brain activity, neuroplasticity, and cognition, and what that means for creativity, focus, and emotional resilience in healthy adults.

Read the full research focusClose
Still open
Whether anything measurable in the brain still differs months after an experience in a healthy adult, and whether it tracks what the person set out to change.
Others are asking now
A 2026 mega-analysis pooled eleven brain-imaging datasets across five psychedelics and found more communication between large-scale brain networks (Girn et al., Nat Med, 2026).
Metanoia will study
An EEG and physiology laboratory, brain imaging through an established medical partner, and whether a durable plasticity marker exists in living people, given that blood BDNF did not move in a healthy-adult trial.
Why
Neuroscience can tell us whether a claimed change leaves any trace in the body, a precondition for trusting any growth claim.

Read more

Chemistry

Studying natural sources, mushrooms, cacti, vines, and bark, as whole chemical systems, not single molecules. Each carries an "entourage" of related compounds that may shape the experience.

Read the full research focusClose
Still open
Whether the "entourage" of companion compounds in a natural source has any measurable activity of its own, and how much growing conditions change the chemistry a study would actually be testing.
Others are asking now
A check of ChEMBL release 37 (released 1 May 2026), run on 2 October 2026, found no record under the name aeruginascin, one record for baeocystin with no measured value, and nine for norpsilocin, all at the serotonin 2A receptor and drawn from two publications, one from 2020 and one from 2024. The basic pharmacology of these companion compounds is close to unmeasured.
Metanoia will study
Analytical chemistry aligned with AOAC methods, first through a contract laboratory and later in-house, operating only under the required DEA registration.
Why
Closing the basic-pharmacology gap is a precondition for any claim about whole-source effects, and ethnobotany keeps the debt to the Indigenous knowledge this field draws on in view.

Read more

Genetics

Exploring whether genetic factors influence how individuals respond to psychedelics. Understanding that variation is a precondition for any future standard for growth.

Read the full research focusClose
Still open
Whether any inherited variant ties to the strength of a psychedelic response in people, and why commercial mushroom cultivars that share nearly identical psilocybin genes still differ in strength.
Others are asking now
A 2026 systematic review of 32 trials in healthy volunteers found that the pharmacokinetics of these compounds are still only partly understood (Hampsey et al., 2026).
Metanoia will study
Sequencing and a strain and sample bank on the mushroom side, with any human genetic work only under ethics board review and strict protection of genomic data.
Why
Understanding that variation is a precondition for any future standard for growth, and for knowing who a finding actually applies to.

Read more

Therapeutic Practice

Developing evidence-based frameworks for preparation, the experience itself, and integration, including the role of set, setting, and meditation.

Read the full research focusClose
Still open
Which parts of preparation and integration actually change long-term outcomes in healthy adults, and which are habit or ritual, since trials rarely report what happened in the room clearly enough to tell support from psychotherapy.
Others are asking now
The ReSPCT Delphi consensus, built by 89 experts from 17 countries, named 30 non-drug variables that shape a psychedelic experience's setting (Pronovost-Morgan et al., Nat Med, 2025).
Metanoia will study
A research unit that observes and records preparation, support and integration under ethics board approval, aligned with ReSPCT. Metanoia does not provide these services.
Why
Without a shared reporting standard for the surrounding context, no two studies of the same substance can really be compared.

Read more

Cultivation

How growing conditions, species, and strain shape a source's real chemistry, the variation that makes reproducible research possible or impossible.

Read the full research focusClose
Still open
Which growing variables move the chemistry most when the others are held constant, since much of the published variation mixes cultivation with drying, storage and laboratory method.
Others are asking now
Freezing fresh mushrooms before freeze-drying was found to drastically change psilocybin and psilocin levels (Windsor et al., 2026), and a review of 25 studies found extraction method and species both change measured yields (Galdino et al., 2025).
Metanoia will study
Controlled growth rooms, documented drying and storage, a strain bank and quality assurance, prioritizing cultivable sources over threatened or wild ones, operating only under full legal authorization.
Why
Reproducible research needs source material whose variation is measured and recorded, not assumed away, and peyote and iboga carry real ecological and cultural stakes.

Read more   Our ethics

Gender

How sex and gender shape psychedelic response, one of the least-studied questions in the field.

Read the full research focusClose
Still open
Whether menstrual cycle phase changes the experience in healthy adults, and whether a sex-disaggregated analysis in a large prospective registry exists at all.
Others are asking now
A pooled analysis of ten studies with 288 participants found no significant association between subjective effects and sex or body weight (Garcia-Romeu et al., 2021).
Metanoia will study
Gender as a lens across every discipline at the planned center: sex-balanced samples, hormonal status recorded where relevant, and results reported by sex as a default.
Why
Women are close to half of recent trial participants, so the gap is in analysis, not presence, and it is closeable now.

Read more

Research Focus

The Mind Unleashed

Six disciplines, pointed at twelve dimensions of human potential. These are the outcomes our research sets out to understand, and measure. All twelve dimensions now have a published evidence review, with the sources listed on each page.

Expanding human consciousness, studied rigorously, shared openly.

The Measurement Problem

Twelve dimensions, and the problem of measuring them

The dimensions above are what our research sets out to understand. There is an awkward problem with that: we have not identified a common instrument that measures them together over time. This is the least glamorous gap in psychedelic science, and we think it is the most important one.

Background reading: Psychedelics and human development.

A 2024 systematic review in the Journal of Psychopharmacology examined 93 clinical trials of classic psychedelics and found 17 different rating scales in use across them. Its authors called for the field to develop a core outcome set, a common minimum that every study reports, and recommended that instruments be designed to assess the setting of an experience. We have not identified either in use.

There is a second gap underneath the first. Nearly every validated instrument in the field measures the acute experience: what happened during the hours the substance was active. Very little measures what a person was actually seeking, or whether they found it, a month or a year later. The Oregon cohort of state-regulated psilocybin services records participants' reasons for seeking services at baseline and asks at follow-up whether their goals were met, as items beside symptom and well-being scales, and its published results run to three months (Korthuis et al., JAMA Network Open, 2026). For a field increasingly asked to justify itself with durable outcomes, that is a strange place to be.

The consequence shows up plainly in the research. In what its authors describe as the largest prospective study of naturalistic psilocybin use published to date, participants most often named self-exploration, and most named several reasons at once, mental health and therapy among them. Their outcomes were reported on measures of anxiety, depression, alcohol misuse, cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation, spiritual wellbeing, extraversion, neuroticism, and burnout. The purpose a person recorded and the instrument that measured the outcome came from different frames. That same study found that, of those who completed each follow-up, 11% at two to four weeks and 7% at two to three months reported persisting negative effects, and we have not identified a standard for how such an effect should be defined, timed, or recorded.

So results are hard to pool across studies, benefits are hard to compare, and harms are hard to count properly. Every new dataset arrives in its own dialect.

What we are building

Three pieces, all of them plumbing rather than headline science:

  • A minimum common data element set, the short list of facts any record of a psychedelic experience should carry to be comparable with any other: substance and whether its identity was verified, preparation form, quantity with units and route, setting and supervision, screening performed, medications, and what followed, at fixed intervals.
  • An outcome measure referenced to purpose, built on the twelve dimensions above, and anchored to what the person recorded before the experience rather than what they remember afterwards. Purpose recorded in advance is a fixed reference point. Purpose recalled later tends to be revised in light of how things turned out.
  • A standard case definition for persisting adverse effects, with fixed observation windows, so that the persisting-effects finding above becomes a number that can be checked, compared, and either confirmed or corrected.

All of it will be published openly and free of charge, with no licence fee and no restriction on use, for researchers, state programmes, registries, and clinicians to adopt or adapt. The first piece is out: version 1.1 of the minimum common data element set, 23 elements in six groups with a proposed case definition for persisting adverse effects, is open for public comment until 2 December 2026. The outcome measure is still in development.

Public Comment

What we asked the FDA

On September 22, 2026, Metanoia submitted a written comment to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in docket FDA-2026-N-7542, its public proceeding on psychedelic drugs. On September 14 we spoke at the agency's public hearing. Metanoia was among the speakers randomly selected from the requests received.

Federal funding is about to reach state psychedelic programs, and we asked the FDA to settle what every record should contain before those databases are built.

Read the full comment

From the FDA's webcast: Metanoia's founder gives our two-minute oral remarks at the public hearing on psychedelic drugs, September 14, 2026, as speaker 67. Metanoia was among the speakers randomly selected from the requests received.

Two figures in the spoken remarks came out wrong on the day. The therapy figure should read 47.9 percent, not 78 percent. The executive order is number 14401, not 1441. Both are marked in the transcript below, and our written comment corrects the therapy figure in note 1.

Read the transcript

Good afternoon. My name is Shraga Israel, founder of Metanoia, a California nonprofit public charity that conducts research and public education on natural psychedelics in healthy adults. We have no financial relationships with any company in this field. On topic four, I'm asking for one thing, agreed on common data elements before the databases are built, not after. Executive Order 1441 [Correction: the order is Executive Order 14401, Accelerating Medical Treatments for Serious Mental Illness, 91 Federal Register 21709.] directs at least $50 million towards state psychedelics programs, including data sharing. Elements agreed now cost almost nothing. Some can never be added later because they had to be recorded before the person took the drug. The reason for use is the clearest case. A survey of real world psilocybin use asked about 1,800 people why they were taking it before they did. 81% replied self exploration. 71% replied mental health. 78% replied therapy. [Correction: the figure for therapy is 47.9 percent, not 78 percent. Source: Nayak et al., Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2023, survey 3, n = 1,802.] The same people, several reasons each. Non-medical records have no indication field. So databases that reads an empty field as non-medical get most of these people wrong. So we recommend two fields. One, was a condition clinically diagnosed. Two, the person's own reason, more than one if needed, with the date they were recorded. Metanoia is drafting these elements and an outcome instrument built around the reason for use and will publish both openly free of charge. My request is simple. Make data that can be compared a design requirement from day one, not a repair job after data exist. Thank you.

Captions file (VTT)

A word on what this is not. We are not claiming to be an authority, and a measure is not made legitimate by being announced. It earns its place by being used, tested, and criticised until either it survives or something better replaces it. So we publish drafts rather than verdicts, we invite people to take them apart, and we will say plainly where we got it wrong. Metanoia is well suited to this particular job for one structural reason: we sell nothing to the people our research informs, so no finding is worth more to us than any other.

The Family We Study

Eight substances, one open notebook

Metanoia did not start with mushrooms and move on to the rest. We started with the classic psychedelics as a family, six natural sources and two synthetics studied for a complete picture, and psilocybin is simply the one with the most work behind it so far. Each brief below is our open question for that substance, not a verdict on it.

These eight cards are research briefs: what remains open, what others are studying now, what Metanoia will ask, and why. For what is already established and readable today, see Education, where the same eight substances live as books that keep updating, one link per card below.

Research agenda

Psilocybin mushrooms

Fungus · natural

How much of the whole-mushroom "entourage" idea is real chemistry, and how much is a measurement gap we can close.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Research agenda

DMT

Tryptamine · natural

What DMT does on its own, in someone with no diagnosis, separate from its role inside ayahuasca.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Research agenda

Ayahuasca

Vine and leaf brew · natural

Which of the field's own consensus context variables actually move the outcome for a healthy person seeking growth, not symptom relief.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Research agenda

Mescaline

Cactus · natural

Whether a conservation-first research design can work at all, given real ecological pressure on wild peyote.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Research agenda

Iboga

Root bark · natural

Whether iboga research in healthy volunteers is possible at all, and what cardiac screening would make it responsible.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Research agenda

5-MeO-DMT

Plant and toad-derived · natural

Whether whole-source research makes sense at all here, when the natural toad-derived source carries a cardiotoxicity risk the synthetic isolate doesn't.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Research agenda

LSD

Classic synthetic, covered for a complete picture

What a healthy-population research line built on LSD's unusually clean pharmacological characterization would take.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Research agenda

MDMA

Classic synthetic · empathogen, covered for a complete picture

What it means to study a substance that doesn't share this family's core receptor mechanism inside a program built around growth, not symptom relief.

What's already known: Read the book

See the full research brief

Ongoing Projects

Building the knowledge infrastructure

Four initiatives that turn scattered global knowledge into something people can actually use.

In development

Worldwide Research Database

A continuously updated, science-based library of psychedelic research results: drawn only from trusted, verified sources, and searchable by anyone.

Read more

Worldwide Research Database

The science of psychedelics is scattered, across journals, languages, preprints, and paywalls, and most of it never reaches the people who could use it. We are building a single, continuously updated library that gathers verified research results into one place, searchable by anyone, free of charge.

The discipline is strict: every entry is drawn only from trusted, verified sources, with the link and the claim checked to match. Nothing fabricated, nothing exaggerated. Where the evidence is strong we say so, where it is thin or contested, we say that too, because an honest map of what we don't yet know is as valuable as a map of what we do.

This is core to Metanoia's mission: turning complex, fragmented research into knowledge people can actually understand and act on.

In development

Safe-Use Research Digest

A plain-language, dated summary of what current research says about risks, interactions, and contraindications.

Read more

Safe-Use Research Digest

Reliable, non-judgmental information about the safe and responsible use of psychedelics is scattered and often drowned out by hype or fear. We are building a written digest that summarizes, in plain language, what current verified research says about interactions, contraindications, and set and setting, with every claim sourced and dated.

It is designed around harm reduction and honesty, not promotion. It will flag real risks clearly: the danger of combining psychedelics with certain antidepressants or MAO-inhibitors, the contraindication for those with a personal or family history of psychosis.

A firm boundary: this is education. It is not a supply service, it does not give personal answers about anyone's use, and it is not a substitute for medical advice.

Open for reports

Field Reports

An anonymous channel for accounts of experiences, and of retreats, centers and practitioners, outside supervised programs, kept as knowledge that would otherwise go unrecorded.

Read more

Field Reports

Much of the use of psychedelics for personal growth happens outside any supervised program: at home, at retreats and centers, and with guides and practitioners who work without oversight. What happens there is rarely recorded anywhere a researcher could find it. We run an anonymous channel to collect those accounts as knowledge, on the same data element set we use for every other kind of record.

A report is not a substitute for controlled science, and we never treat it as one. We take no position on the legal status of any setting a report describes, we will publish only combined counts, and the form asks for no identity, no exact dates and nothing about how a substance was grown, made or obtained.

The channel is open. Its privacy terms and publication policy are on the form page.

See the form and how reports are used

In development

Measurement & Data Standards

A common data element set and an outcome measure anchored to purpose, so that results from different studies, programmes, and registries can finally be compared.

Read more

Measurement & Data Standards

A 2024 review of 93 clinical trials found 17 different rating scales in use, and its authors called for a core outcome set. We have not identified one in use. Almost every validated instrument in the field measures the acute experience rather than the durable outcome, and we have not identified one designed around what a person was actually seeking. The result is that studies are hard to pool, benefits are hard to compare, and harms are hard to count properly.

We are drafting three pieces of plumbing: a minimum common data element set for any record of a psychedelic experience. An outcome measure built on our twelve dimensions and anchored to the purpose a person records before the experience rather than recalls after it, and a standard case definition, with fixed observation windows, for persisting adverse effects.

All of it will be published openly and free, with no licence fee and no restriction on use. We submitted this work to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a written comment on September 22, 2026.

Read the full comment

We are not claiming to be an authority. A measure earns its place by being used and criticised, not announced, so we publish drafts, invite people to take them apart, and say where we got it wrong.

Read the full explanation

One Receptor, and the Exceptions

One receptor behind most of these substances, and the exceptions

Mesoamerican mushroom traditions, the ayahuasqueros of the Amazon, the peyote traditions of North America and, much later, a Swiss chemist making a new molecule all reached the same receptor from different directions, without knowing it. Not every substance here fits that picture, and the diagram shows where it does not.

One receptor, and the exceptions A diagram with the serotonin 2A, or 5-HT2A, receptor at the center. Psilocybin mushrooms, DMT, ayahuasca, mescaline cacti and LSD connect to it by solid lines, because they act mainly through it. Iboga and 5-MeO-DMT connect by dashed lines, because they act through other targets as well: 5-MeO-DMT binds the 5-HT1A receptor far more tightly, and ibogaine binds many targets. MDMA is shown separately, off the main ring, connected by a dashed line, because it works mainly by releasing serotonin. 5-HT2A serotonin receptor shared molecular target Psilocybin mushrooms DMT tryptamine Ayahuasca vine and leaf Mescaline cacti Iboga root bark 5-MeO- DMT LSD synthetic MDMA the exception releases serotonin, doesn't bind 5-HT2A the same way

Psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, mescaline and LSD are, chemically, a match or a near-match for serotonin at one receptor, 5-HT2A, on cells across the brain. Block that receptor and the classic psychedelic effect does not happen. That is the field's actual consensus, not a metaphor about interconnection: an international body of pharmacology, going back decades, agrees that classic psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at 5-HT2A. Traditions that never had contact with one another built rituals around plants and fungi that, it turns out, share this one action.

Two substances on the ring fit only in part, and the dashed lines mark them. 5-MeO-DMT binds 5-HT2A too, but binds a related receptor, 5-HT1A, far more tightly. Ibogaine, the main alkaloid of iboga, binds with moderate to weak strength to many targets, among them the NMDA receptor, opioid and sigma receptors and the serotonin and dopamine transporters. The details and sources are on the 5-MeO-DMT and iboga pages.

MDMA sits outside the ring on purpose. It is a member of Metanoia's research family, but it works mainly by releasing the brain's own serotonin rather than mimicking it at this receptor, a different mechanism entirely. We show that honestly rather than force it into a tidier picture.

Shared 5-HT2A mechanism: Nichols DE, "Psychedelics," Pharmacol Rev 68(2):264-355, April 2016 · PMID 26841800 · DOI 10.1124/pr.115.011478. According to PubMed. Presented as education, not medical advice, and not a claim that any tradition's use was safe or legal in every setting.

Our ethical standards

All Metanoia research follows applicable laws and ethical guidelines. Advisory oversight is planned: our work will be reviewed by an advisory council now being formed. The approval processes in place today are an internal content council that reviews what we publish before it goes out, and a legal review gate. We will say here when more are in place. We're transparent about our methods and our limits, especially given the sensitive nature of this field. Metanoia conducts and shares research and education. We do not supply controlled substances.

We honor the traditional and Indigenous knowledge that these medicines come from, and we prioritize sustainable, cultivable sources over threatened or wild ones, respecting the source without appropriating it.